One of big financial winners with the May 2021 and then January 2022 Virginia minimum wage increases is the state itself, because the entire raise is subject to a 5 percent state income tax. With its low standard deduction and personal exemption amounts, Virginia squeezes income tax out of even its lowest wage workers.
In light of the massive tax increases Virginians have seen resulting from Governor Ralph Northam’s recent policy changes, some of the heaviest falling on the state’s businesses, it is clear the state is on a sound financial footing. An almost unthinkable cash surplus was announced at the end of Fiscal Year 2021, and from that new base even higher state revenues are now expected for several years.
The initial 2019 promise made by the legislature to continue efforts for tax reform, abandoned by both parties after the 2019 election, should be immediately revived. There is no need to wait for further studies, nor should new Governor Glenn Youngkin feel bound by any proposals from his predecessor.
The recommended focus remains the same as the Thomas Jefferson Institute outlined more than two years ago:
- Virginia needs to substantially increase the standard deduction it offers to all taxpayers, with the goal of matching the amount offered on their federal taxes. That would be an increase from $9,000 tax free income for a couple filing jointly to $25,100 for that same couple, removing more than $16,000 from taxable income. An individual’s standard deduction is $12,550.
- Virginia needs to index its tax code to inflation, again mirroring federal practice. Failure to do so, and allowing tax rates to increase due to inflation, is itself a form of tax increase. This is even more important now because the massive federal deficit spending on individual cash benefits, and other federal actions to overheat the economy, have now produced the kind of inflation many of us remember from the 1970s.
Governor-elect Glenn Youngkin has already endorsed the first proposition but has not yet provided details. He should complete the task, endorse the second idea and send the Commonwealth back down the road to becoming a low-tax state. Other ideas he has proposed have merit, but adjusting the standard deduction and then protecting taxpayers from inflation are major, long-term reforms.
Complaints that the state cannot afford this should be hooted down, although it may need to be phased in, starting with a standard deduction increase to $6,000 for an individual and $12,000 per couple. State General Fund tax revenues are up about 30 percent in just four years, and the explosion from the tax increases and super-heated economy is just starting. If the Biden Administration gets even part of the tax package it wants through Congress, Virginia will quickly conform to any of the changes that produce additional revenue for the state. Most of them will.
The next Governor and 2022 General Assembly should act immediately to protect Virginia families and the Virginia economy from what is coming. Shielding a higher portion of every Virginia family’s income from income tax is easy to explain and provides a level tax benefit to rich and poor. As a portion of income, it is of far greater benefit to the lower income workers.
In 2019, Virginians were asked about doubling the standard deduction as a method to return some of the coming state tax bonanza due to the 2017 federal tax bill. By wide and bi-partisan margins they endorsed the idea, but the General Assembly took only a small step and raised the deduction 50 percent. A major increase in the standard deduction will be just as popular today, if not more so.
The Thomas Jefferson Institute also recommended changes to the corporation income tax in 2019, which again were roundly ignored by leaders of both parties. It was clear that the federal rules changes in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 would produce an avalanche of new state corporate taxes unless we made state-level adjustments. Fixing that is of lower priority than the other two goals, a meaningful standard deduction and annual inflation adjustments.
Much of Virginia’s business income is reported and taxed on individual returns, since many businesses are not structured as corporations. An increase in the standard deduction is of direct benefit to those unincorporated business owners. For corporations, the higher standard deduction is of benefit to employees and stockholders but not the business entity.
The General Assembly has now decided to increase the state’s fuel taxes annually to keep up with inflation in future years. It has voted to raise the minimum wage annually due to match inflation. It is long past time to give the same protection to Virginia’s taxpayers. The former chair of the House Finance Committee in the General Assembly, Delegate Vivian Watts, D-Annandale, has introduced an indexing bill in prior years, but so far has been unsuccessful. A Republican-sponsored attempt is expected this year.
Many Democrats share the desire to reduce income taxes on Virginia families by working up from the bottom but prefer to do it with a mechanism called the Earned Income Tax Credit. Recent General Assemblies have also considered and rejected efforts to make that tax credit “refundable,” meaning that taxpayers who qualify could actually receive an annual check from the state. The proposal has surfaced again in, but increasing the standard deduction is a better reform.
A refundable EITC does nothing to reduce the tax burden on middle income Virginians because the EITC phases out quickly as income rises. And it involves the state taking the taxes out of paychecks and then returning them at a later time, rather than simply not taxing it in the first place. EITC becomes just another government entitlement, more bureaucracy.
Many Democrats also oppose the idea of a higher standard deduction because the benefit is nearly universal, reaching even higher income families if they do not take itemized deductions. If the federal tax changes President Joe Biden wants are enacted, the higher state standard deduction will make only a small dent in higher tax bills coming their way.
Finally, matching the federal standard deduction brings Virginia into line with a number of other states competing with Virginia for new jobs and residents. The District of Columbia and South Carolina match the federal amount, and North Carolina comes close. For most low income Virginia workers and many retirees, there would be zero income tax, the same as in Florida, Texas, or Tennessee.
I agree with your indexing proposal but disagree with raising the standard deduction. Rather, all deductions should be abolished and all income taxed, with dramatic reductions in tax rates.
The problem with raising deductions — standard or otherwise — is that doing so takes people entirely off the tax rolls, leaving them with no “stake in the game,” and thus no interest in controlling government cost and keeping aggregate taxation at reasonable levels. So long as I don’t have to pay them, why should I care how much others are taxed.
We see this in the federal tax system, where nearly half of the populace legally pays no income tax, while the rest of us see continuously escalating burdens as politicians vie to attract the non-taxpayer vote. And one can easily see where that’s gotten us.
If non-taxpayers know that they will have to help pay for expanded government, perhaps their appetites for more government — or at least their lack of concern for out of control government spending — will be reduced.